Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel prize for physics jointly with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou. It's the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize, but why has it taken so long? We look at five other pioneering female physicists — past and present — who actually deserve the prize.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Perhaps the most famous snub(冷落): then-student Bell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967, when she was a PhD student at Cambridge. The Nobel prize that recognized this landmark discovery in 1974, however, went to her male supervisor, Antony Hewish. Recently awarded a £2.3m Breakthrough Prize, which she gave away to help under-represented students, she joked to the Guardian," I feel I've done very well out of not getting a Nobel prize."

Lene Hau

Hau is best known for leading the research team at Harvard University in 1999 that managed to slow a beam of light, before managing to stop it completely in 2001. Often topping Nobel prize prediction lists, could 2019 be Hau's year?

Vera Rubin

Rubin discovered dark matter in the 1980s, opening up a new field of astronomy. She died in 2016, without recognition from the committee.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Wu's "Wu experiment" helped disprove the "law of conservation of parity". Her experimental work was helpful but never honoured, and instead, her male colleagues won the 1957 Nobel prize for their theoretical work behind the study.

Lise Meitner

Meitner led groundbreaking work on the discovery of nuclear fission. However, the discovery was acknowledged by the 1944 Nobel prize for chemistry, which was won by her male co-lead, Otto Hahn.

Girls should take part in competitive sport to build confidence, the leader of a group of girls' schools will argue this week. Helen Fraser, director of the Girls Day School Trust (GDST), will tell the group that sport can help girls cope with failure.

"All girls and not just the sporty ones should take physical exercise", Ms Fraser will say. Research that girls are far less active than boys is worrying, she argues. Ms Fraser will tell the group that she backs "sport for all". "That's why I love it when our schools have A, B, C and D teams and beyond", she will say.

The GDST draws on research from the Women's Sport and Fitness Foundation which suggests only a quarter of girls in England meet basic levels(水平)of activity each week. One in five girls do no activity at all, twice the proportion (比例)of boys, the research suggests.

Ms Fraser says other research suggests that more than 80% of women business leaders played sports while growing up. She uses the examples of US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, once a skater and tennis player, while the head of the International Monetary Fund, Christine Lagarde, was in the French national swimming team. Ms Fraser says Olympic medallists like Jessica Ennis, Katherine Grainger and Nicola Adams are excellent role models for young women but says women's sport needs more money and more news reports.

Valerie Dunsford, head of Sheffield High School, part of GDST, said it was important to offer a large number of sports to attract different types of girls. "Not everyone wants to be out playing the hockey (曲棍球)", said Ms Dunsford.

Forget wearing your heart on your sleeve. It's your hair that reveals what you're really like.

If you want to show your goal-set side, go for a high ponytail. People with this hairstyle tend to be results-driven and logical, according to Jean Haner, a US expert in face reading who wrote The Wisdom of Your Face. When she first came out as an actress, Li Bingbing's looks were often described as fragile, partly because of her long locks. But now, her polished high ponytail has convinced everyone that she is unstoppable and will go to any lengths to achieve her goals.

Wavy hair is attractive to many. But if you have curly hair and all you want to do is straighten it, this usually means your life is too chaotic and you need to calm down. US singer Taylor Swift is a perfect example of this kind. By making hair straight, she's controlling its intensity and giving herself a sense of calmness, according to Cosmopolitan magazine. She may have decided to enjoy herself for a moment after all the ups and downs in her love life.

Want to have more fun in your life? Curly hair may give you away. For those who have straight hair that is always curled, it can mean they're craving for a more interesting life. The theory is that curly hair is more interesting than straight hair and will lead to more exciting experiences. If you don't believe it, take US singer Beyonce Knowles' case as an example. Her curly hairdo presents a more positive and fun image to the world.

If you have a super short wash-and-go hairstyle, you must be super confident. Miley Cyrus is one of those types. Long gone are the days when she was the lovely Disney star who had long wavy strands. Now she has a super short wash-and-go hairdo that is as rebellious as her personality. As she told E-Online, by keeping her hair short, she is speaking on behalf of girls everywhere, breaking the stereotype of more traditional hairstyles.

Companies that employ workers have an interest in keeping the workplace safe. Job-related injuries are something that responsible employers avoid. They take the time and use company resources to make sure that the people who come to work each day are safe.

Not only does this make good sense from a moral standpoint, but it also makes good financial sense. If a worker is injured on the job, it costs the company in terms of lost mam tours, increased insurance costs, worker's compensation premiums (赔偿金), and legal posts.

Productivity is lost when other workers have to stop doing their jobs to deal with the situation. Even after the injured worker has been sent home or taken to hospital, other employees may be unfocused or need to take time off from work in the result of the incident.

When a workplace is safe, workers feel more comfortable and confident when they are in that environment. Productivity gets a promotion, and profits follow suit. Absence also drops when employers take steps to carry out an effective safety program.

Investing in a good safety program brings with it other benefits too. When employees feel safe in the workplace and absence rates are kept down, they can focus on serving the company's customers properly. Many companies offer produces or services that are similar to those that other companies carry or provide. Customers will decide which companies they want to deal with based on which one they feel provides the best customer service. Increased absence means longer wait times and customers are quite prepared to move on to another company they feel will be able to help them in a more timely manner if they are not getting the level of attention that they deserve.

Everyone in the workplace has a duty and a responsibility to do whatever they can to keep the working environment safe. Managers should deal with employee concerns about safely issues in an appropriate manner.

Every boy and every girl expects their parents to give them more pocket money.  One main purpose is to let kids learn how to manage their own money. The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get weekly pocket money.

First of all, children are expected to make a choice between spending and saving. Then parents should make the children understand what is expected to pay for with the money. At first, some young children may spend all of the money soon after they receive it.  By doing so, these children will learn that spending must be done with a budget.

In order to encourage their children to do some housework, some parents give pocket money if the children help around the home. They believe helping at home is a norm part of family life.

Pocket money can give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with the money.  They can spend it by buying things they want. They can save it for future use. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice. Saving can also open the door to future saving and investing for children.

A. Others get monthly pocket money.

B. They can spend it by giving it to a good cause.

C. Why do their parents just give them a certain amount?

D. Some children are not good at managing their pocket money.

E. Learning how to get money is very important for every child.

F. Some experts think it not wise to pay the children for doing that.

G. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the right time.

A wave hit my face and I swallowed salt water. My chest was already burning as I struggled to1. I had no air to call for help. In desperation I 2 one hand and waved it to get the lifeguard's attention.

Two young men were suddenly near me. "Help," I 3 to whisper.

One of them grabbed my arm. The other grabbed his arm. Together they pulled me toward the4. The lifeguard entered the water with his 5. "You can stand here," he said. "The water's shallow."

I shook my head. I was too 6 to stand, much less walk. They 7 me over the board.

"You were caught in a riptide (激流)," the lifeguard said 8 the three of them carried me onto the sand, still shaking, trying to catch my breath.

"Are you all right now?" one of my 9 asked.

I looked up at the two of them and 10. For the first time I got a really good look at them. They looked 11 as if they were twins.

"Thank you so much for saving my life. And thank you too," I said to the lifeguard.

The few others had 12 on the beach. I felt embarrassed and13to walk back to my towel. After just a few 14 I looked back again for the twins.

"There you are!" Dom said when I got back to the towel. I looked back at the15. Then I sat clown with my friends to tell them about the angels.

Valentine's Day is the time of the year when couples show their love for each other by sending cards, flowers and chocolates. Its origins are unclear and hidden in the river of time. Nobody knows(exact) who St. Valentine was, although some histories suggest he was a Roman killedthe third century AD by a Roman Emperor. It is said  the first recorded Valentine's card was sent by the imprisoned Duke of Orleans in 1415. It is believed that he tried to find(comfortable) from his imprisonment by writing love poems to his wife.

Now, Valentine's Day(celebrate) in many countries around the world. However, the traditions often differ from place to place. In Japan, for example, it is normal for the woman  (send) chocolates to the man,  in South Korea April 14th is known as “Black Day“ and is when the(fortunate) men who received nothing on Valentine's Day gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other.

Technological developments have also played their part in  (keep) Valentine's Day relevant in the 21st century. Valentine's e-cards  (be) very popular in recent years.

1）派对时间、地点；2）派对活动内容；3）期待他的参与。

注意：1）词数80左右；

2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

One day, when I was a first-year student in high school, I saw a kid from my class walking home from school. His name was Kris. It looked like he was carrying all of his books. I thought to myself, ''Why would anyone bring home all his books on a Friday? He must really be a nerd (书呆子). ''

I had quite a weekend planned (parties and a football game with my friends tomorrow afternoon), so I shrugged my shoulders and went on. As I was walking, I saw a gang of kids running toward him. They ran at him, knocking all his books out of his arms and tripping him so he landed in the dirt. His gasses went flying, and I saw them land in the grass about ten feet from him. He looked up, and I saw terrible sadness in his eyes.

My heart went out to him. So I jogged over to him, and as he crawled around looking for his glasses, I saw a tear in his eye. As I handed him his gases, I said, ''They are bad guys! They really should be punished. '' He looked at me and said, "Hey, thanks!" There was a big smile on his face. It was one of those smiles that showed real gratitude.

I helped him pick up his books and asked him where he lived. As it turned out, he lived near me, so I asked him why I had never seen him before. He said he had gone to private school before now. I would have never hung out with a private school kid before, but we talked all the way home, and I carried his books.

He turned out to be a pretty cool kid.

We hung out all weekend, and the more I got to know Kris, the more I liked him.